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The federal government, too, views it as an important means of helping to eliminate racial, ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in health and mental health care.īut defining, understanding and applying cultural competence in treatment hasn't been easy. It's become such an integral part of the field that it's listed as one of psychology's core competencies.
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Want to learn more? Explore our other Indonesia information categories or download the Japan Country Starter Pack.Cultural competence - loosely defined as the ability to understand, appreciate and interact with people from cultures or belief systems different from one's own - has been a key aspect of psychological thinking and practice for some 50 years. Japan enjoyed a sharp uptick in growth in 2013 on the basis of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s ‘Three Arrows’ economic revitalisation agenda of monetary easing, ‘flexible’ fiscal policy and structural reform. Labour-market reforms to increase participation are among the measures being used to counter this trend. The rapid ageing of Japan’s population is set to reduce the size of the workforce and tax revenues, while placing increasing demands on health and welfare expenditure. Following his December 2012 election victory, Prime Minister Abe has pursued a reformist agenda, dubbed ‘Abenomics’, implementing fiscal and monetary expansion as well as elements of structural reform that could liberalise the Japanese economy. Recent economic reforms and trade liberalisation, aimed at making the economy more open and flexible, will be important in helping Japan cope with its challenges. Recent trends in Japanese trade and foreign investment have reflected a much greater engagement with China, which overtook the United States as Japan’s largest trading partner in 2008. In 2015, leading suppliers of these goods were China (25.6 per cent), the United States (10.9 per cent) and Australia (5.6 per cent). Japan’s main imports include mineral fuels, machinery and food. Japan has few natural resources and its agricultural sector remains heavily protected. Despite a weaker yen as a result of stimulatory economic initiatives, export growth remains sluggish. In 2015-16, Japan’s major export destinations were the United States (20.2 per cent), China (17.5 per cent) and Republic of Korea (7 per cent). Key exports include vehicles, machinery and manufactured goods. International trade contributes significantly to the Japanese economy, with exports equivalent to approximately 16 per cent of GDP. The Tokyo Stock Exchange is one of the world’s foremost centres of finance. Japan’s services sector, including financial services, now plays a far more prominent role in the economy, accounting for about 75 per cent of GDP. Japanese firms have countered this trend to a degree by transferring manufacturing production to low-cost countries.
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In recent years, however, Japan has ceded some economic advantage in manufacturing to China, the Republic of Korea and other manufacturing economies. Today, Japan is a world leader in the manufacture of electrical appliances and electronics, automobiles, ships, machine tools, optical and precision equipment, machinery and chemicals. Manufacturing has been the most remarkable, and internationally renowned, feature of Japan’s economic growth. A large domestic market of discerning consumers, which has given Japanese businesses an advantage in their scale of operations.An increasingly open world trade framework.Ready access to leading technologies and significant investment in research and development.
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Good relations between labour and management.The application of efficient industrial techniques.High rates of investment in productive plant and equipment.Primary industries, including agriculture, account for just 1 per cent of GDP.įrom the 1960s to the 1980s, Japan achieved one of the highest economic growth rates in the world. With its phenomenal economic revival from the ashes of World War II, Japan was one of the first Asian countries to climb the value chain from cheap textiles to advanced manufacturing and services – which now account for the majority of Japan’s GDP and employment. Its gross domestic product (GDP) in 2016 was estimated to be USD 4.7 trillion, and its population of 126.9 million enjoys a high standard of living, with per capita GDP of just below USD 40,000 in 2015. Japan’s economy was the world’s second largest (behind the US) from 1968 until 2010, when it was overtaken by China. It has a well-educated, industrious workforce and its large, affluent population makes it one of the world’s biggest consumer markets. Japan is one of the largest and most developed economies in the world.